1. Kosi - Mechi
2. kosi - Ghagra
3. Gandak - Ganga
4. Ghagra - Yamuna
5. Sarda - Yamuna
6. Yamuna - Rajasthan
7. Rajasthan - Sabarmati
8. Chunar - Sone barrage
9. Sone dam. Southern tributaries of Ganga
10. Brahmaputra - Ganga (MSTG)
11. Brahmaputra - Ganga (JTF) (ALT)
12. Farakka - Damodar . Subarnarekha
13. Ganga - Damodar - Subarnarekha
14. Subarnarekha - Mahanadi
Wednesday, October 28, 2009
INTER-LINKING OF RIVERS: A PROBABLE SOLUTION TO WATER PROBLEM
Suggestions for a National Water Grid envisaging interlinking of rivers with a view to transferring surplus water available in some regions to water deficit areas have been made from time to time. The Govemment of India prepared a national perspective plan for water resources development in 1980 envisaging interlinkages between various peninsular rivers and Himalayan rivers for transfer of water from water-surplus basins for optimum utilisation of water resources. The Government of India established the National Water Development Agency (NWDA) in 1982 to firm up these proposals.
In December 2004, the Centre set up a committee of experts to advise the government on environmental and socio-economic aspects of the interlinking programme.
The total amount of water that can be usefully transferred is estimated to be about 220 bcm. However, there are apprehensions that the assessed surplus is somewhat illusory for many basins and future generations would actually need all the water. Sceptics have reservations about the economic viability of such large projects. Environmental concerns would need to be addressed through the environmental appraisal process of each project. For these reasons the pace of progress in the Tenth Plan period has been quite modest.
Per capita availability of water varies from 18.417 m3 in the Brahmaputra river to 380 m3 in some east-flowing rivers in Tamil Nadu showing that many basins in the country are already critically starved of water. Out of the annual precipitation and snowfall of 4000 bern, 747 bcm runs waste to the sea, mainly from the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers systems, which have 60 per cent of the water potential. Only 19 per cent of the water potential is available in Maha[1adi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery.
In the circumstances, inter-linking of rivers assumes importance as a part of the 747 bcm running waste to sea (about 160-220 bcm) is proposed to be transferred through a series of 30 inter-linking proposals from- surplus basins to deficit basins. Long-distance, trans-basin transfer of water is not a new concept.
Many examples of existing projects can be given in this regard-Western Yamuna canal, Periyar project, Kumool Cuddapah canal, Indira Gandhi canal, and Sardar Sarovar canal. International examples can be given of California water transfer project from north to central and southern parts of the US, China, the erstwhile USSR, Sri Lanka, and Mexico. Pioneering work was earlier done on a National Water Grid by K.L. Rao and Capt. Dastur. These were refined by the MoWR and 30 links identified-16 as peninsular component and 14 as Himalayan component. Pre-feasibility studies of 16 links (14 in peninsular component) have also been completed.
Since interlinking rivers on such a large scale is bit costly, evaluation of the economics of the proposals is necessary. Environmental impacts have to be carefully assessed.
In December 2004, the Centre set up a committee of experts to advise the government on environmental and socio-economic aspects of the interlinking programme.
The total amount of water that can be usefully transferred is estimated to be about 220 bcm. However, there are apprehensions that the assessed surplus is somewhat illusory for many basins and future generations would actually need all the water. Sceptics have reservations about the economic viability of such large projects. Environmental concerns would need to be addressed through the environmental appraisal process of each project. For these reasons the pace of progress in the Tenth Plan period has been quite modest.
Per capita availability of water varies from 18.417 m3 in the Brahmaputra river to 380 m3 in some east-flowing rivers in Tamil Nadu showing that many basins in the country are already critically starved of water. Out of the annual precipitation and snowfall of 4000 bern, 747 bcm runs waste to the sea, mainly from the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers systems, which have 60 per cent of the water potential. Only 19 per cent of the water potential is available in Maha[1adi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery.
In the circumstances, inter-linking of rivers assumes importance as a part of the 747 bcm running waste to sea (about 160-220 bcm) is proposed to be transferred through a series of 30 inter-linking proposals from- surplus basins to deficit basins. Long-distance, trans-basin transfer of water is not a new concept.
Many examples of existing projects can be given in this regard-Western Yamuna canal, Periyar project, Kumool Cuddapah canal, Indira Gandhi canal, and Sardar Sarovar canal. International examples can be given of California water transfer project from north to central and southern parts of the US, China, the erstwhile USSR, Sri Lanka, and Mexico. Pioneering work was earlier done on a National Water Grid by K.L. Rao and Capt. Dastur. These were refined by the MoWR and 30 links identified-16 as peninsular component and 14 as Himalayan component. Pre-feasibility studies of 16 links (14 in peninsular component) have also been completed.
Since interlinking rivers on such a large scale is bit costly, evaluation of the economics of the proposals is necessary. Environmental impacts have to be carefully assessed.
SOME IMPORTANT WATERFALLS IN INDIA
SOME IMPORTANT WATERFALLS IN INDIA
India has a large number of waterfalls spread ae'ross the country. Some of the important ones are-the Agaya Gangai in the Kolli Hills (Eastern Ghats), Ayyanar in Virudhunagar, Killyur in Servarayan Hill of Eastern Ghats, Siruvanl in Coimbatore, Thalaiyar (also known as Rat-Tail) near Kodaikanal and Vattaparai in the Pazhayar river in Kanyakumari (all in Tamil Nadu); Barakana in Shimoga, Gokak in the upper reaches of the Ghataprabha (a tributary of Krishna) in Belgaum, Jog (Gersoppa and Jogada Gundi) on the Sharavathi river in Shimoga. Shivasamudram (also known as Cauvery falls (also in Kamataka); Vazhachal in Thrissur in Kerala; Dudhsagar fall in upper reaches of Mandavi river in Goa; Lodh (or Buddha Ghagh) falls on the Budh river in Ranch; in Jharkhand; and Duduma waterfall in Koraput in Orissa.
India has a large number of waterfalls spread ae'ross the country. Some of the important ones are-the Agaya Gangai in the Kolli Hills (Eastern Ghats), Ayyanar in Virudhunagar, Killyur in Servarayan Hill of Eastern Ghats, Siruvanl in Coimbatore, Thalaiyar (also known as Rat-Tail) near Kodaikanal and Vattaparai in the Pazhayar river in Kanyakumari (all in Tamil Nadu); Barakana in Shimoga, Gokak in the upper reaches of the Ghataprabha (a tributary of Krishna) in Belgaum, Jog (Gersoppa and Jogada Gundi) on the Sharavathi river in Shimoga. Shivasamudram (also known as Cauvery falls (also in Kamataka); Vazhachal in Thrissur in Kerala; Dudhsagar fall in upper reaches of Mandavi river in Goa; Lodh (or Buddha Ghagh) falls on the Budh river in Ranch; in Jharkhand; and Duduma waterfall in Koraput in Orissa.
RIVER REGIMES
RIVER REGIMES
The pattern of the seasonal flow of water in any river is called its regime. Differences in climate are the main cause of the differences in the flow patterns of rivers of the Himalayan and peninsular origin. The Himalayan rivers are perennial and their regimes depend upon both rainfall and :mow. Thus, the regimes of the Himalayan rivers are both monsoonal and glacial. On the other hand, the regimes of the Peninsular rivers are only monsoonal as they are controlled only by rainfall. There also exist the intrapeninsular differences in the river regimes. This is due to differences in the seasonal distribution of rainfall in various parts of the plateau.
The regimes of the two Himalayan (Ganga and Jhelum) and the two peninsular (Narmada and Godavari) rivers may be described as examples of the river regimes.
The Ganga has its minimum flow in the period January-June. The maximum is attained either in August or September. There is a steady fall in the flow of water after September. The river has a typical monsoonal regime. The Jhelum attains the maximum water flow in June, or even in May, since its flow is mainly caused by the snow-melt from the Himalayas. The range of variation between the regimes of the Ganga and the Jhelum rivers is shorter in the case of the former.
The two peninsular rivers display interesting differences in their regimes from the Himalayan rivers. The Narmada attains its maximum water flow in August, while it has a very low volume of discharge from January to July. The Godavari flows at a low level until May. It attains maximum water flow twice-one in May-June and the other in July-August.
The pattern of the seasonal flow of water in any river is called its regime. Differences in climate are the main cause of the differences in the flow patterns of rivers of the Himalayan and peninsular origin. The Himalayan rivers are perennial and their regimes depend upon both rainfall and :mow. Thus, the regimes of the Himalayan rivers are both monsoonal and glacial. On the other hand, the regimes of the Peninsular rivers are only monsoonal as they are controlled only by rainfall. There also exist the intrapeninsular differences in the river regimes. This is due to differences in the seasonal distribution of rainfall in various parts of the plateau.
The regimes of the two Himalayan (Ganga and Jhelum) and the two peninsular (Narmada and Godavari) rivers may be described as examples of the river regimes.
The Ganga has its minimum flow in the period January-June. The maximum is attained either in August or September. There is a steady fall in the flow of water after September. The river has a typical monsoonal regime. The Jhelum attains the maximum water flow in June, or even in May, since its flow is mainly caused by the snow-melt from the Himalayas. The range of variation between the regimes of the Ganga and the Jhelum rivers is shorter in the case of the former.
The two peninsular rivers display interesting differences in their regimes from the Himalayan rivers. The Narmada attains its maximum water flow in August, while it has a very low volume of discharge from January to July. The Godavari flows at a low level until May. It attains maximum water flow twice-one in May-June and the other in July-August.
MORE FACTS ABOUT DRAINAGE IN INDIA
(i) Though the Indus is a perennial river, much of its water is lost as it flows through the Thar Desert. The delta formed by this river is mostly wasteland, since it is usually flooded with brackish water.
(ii) River Brahmaputra has different names in different countries: Tsang-po in Tibet (China); Brahmaputra in India; and Jamuna in Bangladesh. During floods, the water of the Brahmaputra looks reddish in colour after mixing with the red soils of Assam. This is why the Brahmaputra is also known as the 'Red River' of India.
(iii) The Ganga basin forms 25 per cent of the total area of India. It is the longest river in the country. The Ganga and the Brahmaputra flow in opposite direction to meet together in Bangladesh where they form the largest delta of the world. The major part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta lies in Bangladesh.
(iv) Gaumukh (meaning cow's mouth), an ice cave in the Himalayas, is the source of the Ganga.
(v) The Yamuna is the most important tributary on the right bank of River Ganga. Gomati, Ghaghara, Gandak and Koshi join the Ganga on the left bank. The Son is the only big river to join the Ganga directly from the southern plateau (right bank).
(vi) River Damodar is known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal' as it causes widespread destruction of lives, cattle and crops due to frequent flooding. It joins the Ganga from the right.
(vii) Some rivers of the Peninsular Plateau flow towards Ganga, e.g., Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sind and Son. These rivers rise in the Vindhya range.
(viii) The Cauvery plunges from a height of 100 m at Sivasamundram forming the famous Sivasamundram Falls.
(ix) River Sharavati in the state of Karnataka is fam9us for its Gersoppa (Jog Falls). These falls can be considered as one of the world's greatest waterfalls in the rainy season. But like other peninsular rivers, the Sharavati has very little water in the dry season.
(x) The Narmada forms the magnificent waterfall (Marble Falls of Bheraghat in Madhya Pradesh). The waterfall is 15 m high.
(xi) The Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi. Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are the major river systems of India draining into the Bay of Bengal, whereas the major river systems flowing into the Arabian Sea include the Indus, Sabarmati, Narmada and Tapti.
(xii) While Godavari is the largest river system in Peninsular India, it is the second largest (next only to the Ganga System) in India as a whole.
(xiii) The Cauvery basin is one of the most developed regions of India from the point of view of power and irrigation. It is estimated that about 90-95 per cent of the total potential in both these resources has already been exploited.
(ii) River Brahmaputra has different names in different countries: Tsang-po in Tibet (China); Brahmaputra in India; and Jamuna in Bangladesh. During floods, the water of the Brahmaputra looks reddish in colour after mixing with the red soils of Assam. This is why the Brahmaputra is also known as the 'Red River' of India.
(iii) The Ganga basin forms 25 per cent of the total area of India. It is the longest river in the country. The Ganga and the Brahmaputra flow in opposite direction to meet together in Bangladesh where they form the largest delta of the world. The major part of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta lies in Bangladesh.
(iv) Gaumukh (meaning cow's mouth), an ice cave in the Himalayas, is the source of the Ganga.
(v) The Yamuna is the most important tributary on the right bank of River Ganga. Gomati, Ghaghara, Gandak and Koshi join the Ganga on the left bank. The Son is the only big river to join the Ganga directly from the southern plateau (right bank).
(vi) River Damodar is known as the 'Sorrow of Bengal' as it causes widespread destruction of lives, cattle and crops due to frequent flooding. It joins the Ganga from the right.
(vii) Some rivers of the Peninsular Plateau flow towards Ganga, e.g., Chambal, Betwa, Ken, Sind and Son. These rivers rise in the Vindhya range.
(viii) The Cauvery plunges from a height of 100 m at Sivasamundram forming the famous Sivasamundram Falls.
(ix) River Sharavati in the state of Karnataka is fam9us for its Gersoppa (Jog Falls). These falls can be considered as one of the world's greatest waterfalls in the rainy season. But like other peninsular rivers, the Sharavati has very little water in the dry season.
(x) The Narmada forms the magnificent waterfall (Marble Falls of Bheraghat in Madhya Pradesh). The waterfall is 15 m high.
(xi) The Ganga, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi. Godavari, Krishna and Cauvery are the major river systems of India draining into the Bay of Bengal, whereas the major river systems flowing into the Arabian Sea include the Indus, Sabarmati, Narmada and Tapti.
(xii) While Godavari is the largest river system in Peninsular India, it is the second largest (next only to the Ganga System) in India as a whole.
(xiii) The Cauvery basin is one of the most developed regions of India from the point of view of power and irrigation. It is estimated that about 90-95 per cent of the total potential in both these resources has already been exploited.
The West-flowing Rivers
The West-flowing Rivers The rivers flowing west are discussed below.
The Narmada It rises from a tank 1057 m high on the west of the Amarkantak plateau in Madhya Pradesh. It is the largest of the west-flowing peninsular rivers. Flowing along Ramnagar and Mandla, it turns towards Jabalpur where it cascades down to make the narrow gorge of 'Marble Rocks' after dropping from 10 metres of height (Dhuandhara falls). It then flows westwards for 320 km between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. It also forms the famous 23 m high Kapildhara falls. It flows through the alluvial plains of Indore to form a 27-km broad estuary below Broach and enters the Gulf of Cambay. The 1312km-long river has a drainage basin of 93,180 sq km.
The Tapti (Also, Tapi) It rises near Multai (Betul district) 792 m above sea level in the plateau of the Satpura and has a drainage area of 64,750 sq km. It runs through Berar forming a narrow valley overhung by cliffs. The Purna tributary meets the Tapti before the latter enters Khandesh. It falls into the Gulf of Cambay after forming an estuary below Surat. The total length of this second largest west-flowing peninsular river is 724 km, the last 48 km of which is tidal.
The Luni It originates from Annasagar in the Aravallis, to the south-west of Ajmer. Its 450-km course is directed through a semi-arid tract somewhat parallel to the west of the Aravallis. It ends on the Sahni marshes north of the Rann of Kutch. Its several tributaries include Sarsuti, which rises from the Pushkar lake at Ajmer. It drains an area of 37,250 sq km.
The Sabarmati It originates from the lake of Jai Samudra in Udaipur district. It enters the sea at the head of the Gulf of Cambay after a course of 300 m. Its major tributaries are the Sabar and the Hathmati coming from Idar and Mahikatrtha respectively. It drains 21,674 sq km of area.
The Mahi Rising in Gwalior it flows through Dhar, Ratlam and Gujarat and finally into the Gulf of Cambay. It is 560 km long, the last 65 km being tidal.
The Narmada It rises from a tank 1057 m high on the west of the Amarkantak plateau in Madhya Pradesh. It is the largest of the west-flowing peninsular rivers. Flowing along Ramnagar and Mandla, it turns towards Jabalpur where it cascades down to make the narrow gorge of 'Marble Rocks' after dropping from 10 metres of height (Dhuandhara falls). It then flows westwards for 320 km between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. It also forms the famous 23 m high Kapildhara falls. It flows through the alluvial plains of Indore to form a 27-km broad estuary below Broach and enters the Gulf of Cambay. The 1312km-long river has a drainage basin of 93,180 sq km.
The Tapti (Also, Tapi) It rises near Multai (Betul district) 792 m above sea level in the plateau of the Satpura and has a drainage area of 64,750 sq km. It runs through Berar forming a narrow valley overhung by cliffs. The Purna tributary meets the Tapti before the latter enters Khandesh. It falls into the Gulf of Cambay after forming an estuary below Surat. The total length of this second largest west-flowing peninsular river is 724 km, the last 48 km of which is tidal.
The Luni It originates from Annasagar in the Aravallis, to the south-west of Ajmer. Its 450-km course is directed through a semi-arid tract somewhat parallel to the west of the Aravallis. It ends on the Sahni marshes north of the Rann of Kutch. Its several tributaries include Sarsuti, which rises from the Pushkar lake at Ajmer. It drains an area of 37,250 sq km.
The Sabarmati It originates from the lake of Jai Samudra in Udaipur district. It enters the sea at the head of the Gulf of Cambay after a course of 300 m. Its major tributaries are the Sabar and the Hathmati coming from Idar and Mahikatrtha respectively. It drains 21,674 sq km of area.
The Mahi Rising in Gwalior it flows through Dhar, Ratlam and Gujarat and finally into the Gulf of Cambay. It is 560 km long, the last 65 km being tidal.
The East-flowing Rivers
The East-flowing Rivers The rivers that flow east to end up in the Bay of Bengal are as follows.
The Mahanadi The 858-km-Iong Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Raipur district (Chhattisgarh). It flows towards the north-east and after meeting the Seonath, turns to the east and then south-east. It is a large river near Sambalpur, below which it flows through the Eastern Ghats and forms many distributaries at Cuttack before entering the sea. It drains an area of 1,32,090 sq km, about 53 per cent of which is in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, 46 per cent in Orissa, and the rest is shared by Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
The Godavari It is the largest river of the peninsula and the second largest river in the country. It is called the 'Vridha Ganga' and 'Dakshin Ganga'. It has a total length of 1,465 km and its drainage basin covers 3,13,839 sq km. It rises from Trambak in Nasik district in the Western Ghats and on its way receives several important tributaries including the Manjra, Penganga, Pranhita, Wardha, Wainganga, Indravati, Tal, Sabari, Mula and Pravara. It is 2,750 m wide at Rajahmundry below which it splits up into several branches to form a large delta before draining into the sea.
The Krishna The second largest east-flowing river of the peninsula rises north of Mahabaleswar from a height of 1,327 m in the Western Ghats. River Krishna, with a length of 1,400 km and a drainage basin of about 259,000 sq km, has Koyna, Malaprabha, Ghatprabha, Bhima, Yerla, Varna, Musi, Panchganga, Dudhganga and Tungabhadra as its main tributaries. The Tungabhadra, the largest tributary with a catchment area of 71,417 sq km, is formed of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in west Mysore and join below Shimoga (Mysore). The Tungabhadra joins Krishna near Kurnool town after a course of nearly 640 km. The Bhima has a catchment area of 76,614 sq km. It flows through southern Maharashtra and Andhra. Its delta begins to be formed a little below Vijayawada.
The Subarnarekha The river rises a little to the southwest of Ranchi in the Chhotanagpur plateau and flows generally in an easterly direction through Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj and Midnapore districts. It is about 395 km. long and has a catchment area of about 19,500 sq km.
The Brahmani Formed by the Koel and the Sankh joining in Gangpur, it flows through Bonai, Talcher and Balasore districts. The Baitarni river meets the Brahmani just before it falls into the Bay of Bengal. With a course of about 705 km, it drains 36,300 sq km.
The Baitarni Originating in the Keonjhar plateau in Orissa, it drains some 19,500 sq km in the eastern part of the peninsula. The river flows for 333 km.
The Penner Rising in the Kolar district (Karnataka), its chief tributaries are the Chitravati and the Papaghni. It flows through a gorge of Cudappah quartzites near Gandikota (Cudappah district) and enters the sea near the town of Nellore.
The Cauvery It rises from the Brahmagiri hills in the Coorg district at 1,341 m above sea level and drains the Mysore plateau before flowing into the plains. Cascades and falls mark its descent from the plateau. It runs for 805 km and its drainage basin is 80,290 sq km in area. The Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati, Arkavati, Hemavati, Shimsa and Kabbani are its chief tributaries. The river is small in Mysore. At Srirangam, it divides into the northern Coleroon (Kollidam) and a southern branch that retains its name. The ancient port of Kaveripumpattinam was located at the mouth of this river. About 55 per cent of the Cauvery basin lies in Tamil Nadu, 41 per cent in Karnataka and three per cent in Kerala.
The Cauvery is almost perennial because it gets monsoonal rain from the south-west as well as the northeast streams.
The Tambrapani It originates on Agastyamalai's slopes in the Western Ghats and drains into the Gulf of Mannar. The capital of the ancient Pandya Kingdom, Korkai once stood eight km inland from the present mouth of this river.
The Mahanadi The 858-km-Iong Mahanadi rises near Sihawa in Raipur district (Chhattisgarh). It flows towards the north-east and after meeting the Seonath, turns to the east and then south-east. It is a large river near Sambalpur, below which it flows through the Eastern Ghats and forms many distributaries at Cuttack before entering the sea. It drains an area of 1,32,090 sq km, about 53 per cent of which is in Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh, 46 per cent in Orissa, and the rest is shared by Madhya Pradesh and Jharkhand.
The Godavari It is the largest river of the peninsula and the second largest river in the country. It is called the 'Vridha Ganga' and 'Dakshin Ganga'. It has a total length of 1,465 km and its drainage basin covers 3,13,839 sq km. It rises from Trambak in Nasik district in the Western Ghats and on its way receives several important tributaries including the Manjra, Penganga, Pranhita, Wardha, Wainganga, Indravati, Tal, Sabari, Mula and Pravara. It is 2,750 m wide at Rajahmundry below which it splits up into several branches to form a large delta before draining into the sea.
The Krishna The second largest east-flowing river of the peninsula rises north of Mahabaleswar from a height of 1,327 m in the Western Ghats. River Krishna, with a length of 1,400 km and a drainage basin of about 259,000 sq km, has Koyna, Malaprabha, Ghatprabha, Bhima, Yerla, Varna, Musi, Panchganga, Dudhganga and Tungabhadra as its main tributaries. The Tungabhadra, the largest tributary with a catchment area of 71,417 sq km, is formed of the Tunga and Bhadra rivers that originate in west Mysore and join below Shimoga (Mysore). The Tungabhadra joins Krishna near Kurnool town after a course of nearly 640 km. The Bhima has a catchment area of 76,614 sq km. It flows through southern Maharashtra and Andhra. Its delta begins to be formed a little below Vijayawada.
The Subarnarekha The river rises a little to the southwest of Ranchi in the Chhotanagpur plateau and flows generally in an easterly direction through Singhbhum, Mayurbhanj and Midnapore districts. It is about 395 km. long and has a catchment area of about 19,500 sq km.
The Brahmani Formed by the Koel and the Sankh joining in Gangpur, it flows through Bonai, Talcher and Balasore districts. The Baitarni river meets the Brahmani just before it falls into the Bay of Bengal. With a course of about 705 km, it drains 36,300 sq km.
The Baitarni Originating in the Keonjhar plateau in Orissa, it drains some 19,500 sq km in the eastern part of the peninsula. The river flows for 333 km.
The Penner Rising in the Kolar district (Karnataka), its chief tributaries are the Chitravati and the Papaghni. It flows through a gorge of Cudappah quartzites near Gandikota (Cudappah district) and enters the sea near the town of Nellore.
The Cauvery It rises from the Brahmagiri hills in the Coorg district at 1,341 m above sea level and drains the Mysore plateau before flowing into the plains. Cascades and falls mark its descent from the plateau. It runs for 805 km and its drainage basin is 80,290 sq km in area. The Bhavani, Noyil, Amaravati, Arkavati, Hemavati, Shimsa and Kabbani are its chief tributaries. The river is small in Mysore. At Srirangam, it divides into the northern Coleroon (Kollidam) and a southern branch that retains its name. The ancient port of Kaveripumpattinam was located at the mouth of this river. About 55 per cent of the Cauvery basin lies in Tamil Nadu, 41 per cent in Karnataka and three per cent in Kerala.
The Cauvery is almost perennial because it gets monsoonal rain from the south-west as well as the northeast streams.
The Tambrapani It originates on Agastyamalai's slopes in the Western Ghats and drains into the Gulf of Mannar. The capital of the ancient Pandya Kingdom, Korkai once stood eight km inland from the present mouth of this river.
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